Sustainable tourism and socio-cultural dynamics in the Malayaham: A case study of the Blue Field Division, Ramboda, Nuwara Eliya

Abstract

Tourism has emerged as a transformative force in plantation communities, reshaping livelihoods and socio-cultural practices. The Blue Field Division in Ramboda, Nuwara Eliya, historically rooted in tea plantation labour, now represents a unique site where tea production coexists with a growing tourism industry. This study examines the impacts of tourism development on the socio-cultural dynamics and sustainable tourism practices of the Malayaham community, with particular attention to shifting employment patterns, gender roles, cultural identity, and community challenges. Adopting a mixed-methods approach, the research combined qualitative and quantitative techniques. Primary data were collected through field observations and semistructured interviews during seven site visits, while secondary data were drawn from official records, reports, and prior studies. A stratified sampling method ensured representation across diverse groups, including youngsters, tuk-tuk and safari drivers, tea factory management, government officials, and residents. The final sample comprised 50 participants. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics for quantitative patterns and thematic coding for qualitative insights, allowing for triangulation and validation of findings. Results reveal a marked shift from traditional plantation work toward tourism-related occupations such as tour guiding, hospitality, handicrafts, and transport services. Women and youth have taken leading roles, with women comprising nearly 80% of registered tour guides, redefining gender roles and providing new opportunities for empowerment. Tourism has also influenced cultural practices, festivals, attire, and cuisine, contributing to both cultural preservation and risks of cultural dilution. However, challenges persist, including seasonal fluctuations in income, limited opportunities for independent entrepreneurship due to factory management control, and tensions between local transport providers and estate authorities. The study concludes that tourism offers significant potential for socio-cultural empowerment, economic diversification, and heritage preservation in plantation communities. In addition, inclusive and sustainable strategies are essential to maximise benefits. Recommendations include the promotion of traditional Malayaham street foods, capacity building through training programs, and the revival of cultural events such as Kaman Koothu and Malayaham folk songs to safeguard authenticity. Collaborative efforts between local residents and estate management are crucial to ensure that tourism development strengthens, rather than undermines, community well-being and cultural identity.