Geopolitical Rivalry in South Asia: India-Sri Lanka Relations Amidst China's Strategic Expansion

Abstract

This research explores the evolving Indo-Sri Lanka relations amid China’s growing influence in South Asia, focusing on strategic, economic, and security challenges. Sri Lanka’s strategic location in the Indian Ocean has made it a key player in the competition between India and China, particularly through China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and investments in key infrastructure like the Hambantota Port and Colombo Port City. While traditionally aligned with India, Sri Lanka’s increasing engagement with China raises concerns over sovereignty and economic dependency. The research examines Sri Lanka’s foreign policy response to this geopolitical rivalry, analyzing the economic influence of both powers, the security implications of Chinese investments, and Sri Lanka’s balancing strategy. Using Realism and Small State Theory, the study finds that Sri Lanka has adopted a multi-alignment approach, seeking economic gains from both India and China while mitigating dependency. The research concludes by recommending that Sri Lanka strengthen economic self-sufficiency, enhance India-Sri Lanka relations, and promote regional cooperation to ensure stability in the face of rising geopolitical tensions.