University course timetabling is a complex optimization problem that must satisfy multiple hard and soft constraints. These include avoiding clashes among courses and lecturers, allocating limited classroom and laboratory ...

Graph theory is a branch of mathematics that studies how objects are connected using vertices and edges. An important concept within this field is incidence coloring, where colors are assigned to vertex edge pairs, called ...

The Internet of Things has transformed modern systems by integrating artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, and real-time analytics into billions of interconnected devices. However, decentralization and resource constrained ...